Astrophysics and New Cosmology

A New History of the Solar System and the Universe

The Formation of the Universe as a Crystallization Process

Abstract
Manuscript (PDF)

The Planck limit puts a stop to the backward extrapolation of he expansion and formation of the Universe. To overcome this limit, in the present work the formation of the Universe is approached from the pre-Big Bang side as a crystallization process. Many have mentioned this process, but no one has been able to model this process. The author is the first to model the formation of the Universe, the Big Bang, using accepted crystallization concepts. His publications and background in crystallization, and particular in crystal nucleation (balanced nucleation and growth, BNG, model) are available at Cristallization Consulting. For this purpose, the current decay of the Universe had to be examined.

In the process of formulating the nucleation process for mass, gravity was discovered to be anti-energy. This puts the energy/gravity duality in the known dualities of positive and negative charge, north and south pole, and positive and negative spin.

The discovery of the energy/gravity duality brings gravity into a causal relationship to all forms energies and forces, like the strong the weak forces and electromagnetic forces.

Photon-Graviton Duality, Relativistic Gravity Doubling
(How and why the Universe will collapse – without negative Energy and Dark Matter)

Quantum gravity as a theoretical approach of has thus far failed to provide a solution to the quantization of gravity. Thus, a novel approach is suggested. Based on the theory of relativity it is shown, that photons have properties of gravitons, i.e., they carry gravity, are bosons, and propagate at the speed of light. Experimental results show that photons are carrying twice the gravitational charge as mass particles of equal energy. The thermonuclear processes in stars which convert mass (gravity 1x/Energy Unit) to photons (gravity 2x/Energy Unit), is due to relativistic gravity doubling. The proposed photon-graviton duality and relativistic gravity doubling was applied to thermonuclear mass to photon conversion in the Universe. This suggests a self-renewing mechanism and history of mass, photons, and gravity in the known Universe, without the requirement for dark matter, negative energy, or parallel universes.

The model leads to the conclusion that Photons and RGD replace dark matter and negative energy.

History of the Solar and of Stellar Planetary Systems
(And expansion of the Universe – without Negative Energy)

Thermo-nuclear conversion of mass to energy is the driving force for non-kinetic processes in the Universe. The concept is evaluated by modeling the stability of the solar system and its history, both since its formation and its future. The solar system is a convenient model, since all information for the calculations are known, and because the predictions are most easily accessible to experimental observations. Key results are that the outer planets are only weakly attached to the Sun and that the changes in their orbits, including their dissociation from the solar system, are significant in the universals time scales. The model also shows that the planets were significantly closer to the Sun after formation of the solar system. This has profound effects on how to model the formation or the solar system. The model is generally applicable to planetary stellar systems. Since all stars, and thus galaxies and the Universe as a whole are loosing mass by thermo-nuclear processes, they will expand due to gravitational collapse.

The expansion of the Universe by gravitational collapse is based on known physics, and puts the need for the formulation of (unknown) negative energy into question.

Stability of Binary Star Systems and Galaxies

The concepts developed for the stability of the Solar and Stellar systems were extended to model the stability of Binary Star Systems. Here, the stability depends on the mass loss rates (radiative and stellar wind) of both stars, their distance, and mass. All necessary input information is obtained from astronomical observations.

The model predictions are numerical and quantitative and are verifiable by astronomic observation.

Conclusion

Disintegration: Gravitational Collapse

Negative Energy: Replaced by Gravitational Collapse of the Universe

Recovery: Relativistic Gravity Doubling

Dark Matter: Replaced by Relativistic Gravity Doubling (Photon!)

Parallel Universes and their ‘Babies’ (‘branes’): Go Home!